[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ] progress} > /(depth). The feeling of success is very important, since this is the positive reinforcer which makes the loop a positive one. If this is not instituted, the sufferer is inclined to be forever thinking, "I am stupid! Fancy being scared of the water, at my age!" So that instead of being pleased at being able to sit in the water without anxiety, he or she is feeling bad because no one else has to do that. They therefore provide themselves with a negative reinforcer, and so enter a negative loop which soon discourages them from continuing. I have known cases of individuals who have been "treated" for their phobias by psychologists who seem to have learned the process of progressive desensitisation by rote, with no understanding of the nature of the loop they are supposed to be instituting. They have neglected the central importance of the reinforcer, with the result that each step has been taken with increasing reluctance, and the "cure" failed. http://easyweb.easynet.co.uk/~dylanwad/morganic/ph_chap15.htm (7 of 12) [19/06/2000 8:30:01 PM] Principles of Hypnosis (15). Using life factors to reinforce changes made in hypnosis A similar method may be used to eliminate a phobia in the context of Hypnotherapy. The main difference is that the Client is usually taken through the stages by means of an enhanced visualisation rather than in reality. This has the advantage that there is little problem of self-consciousness - as there often is at the real pool. Various Hypnotic techniques can also be used to instill confidence and, which is often of great importance, to deal with memories of some early disaster which may have initiated the phobia. But it remains of importance to ensure that each small improvement results in great satisfaction when the Subject tries things out in real life. Remember: Life must provide the Reinforcer. Consequently we need to ensure that satisfaction will be felt with each step of progress. After these examples it should be possible to see the principle involved fairly clearly. The good Hypnotherapist will always be trying to arrange that any change made in the consulting room will be amplified or reinforced by the Client's environment: "Life must provide the Reinforcer." This attention to environment is what is sometimes denoted by the adjective "holistic", but it should be realised that the customary antithesis between "holistic" and "analytic" does not hold in the context of the present theory of Hypnotherapy, which clearly incorporates a great deal of analysis of the systems involved, but does not limit itself to internal systems, but rather includes external ones in the environment as well. Consequently it may also be termed "holistic". This attention to arranging for reinforcement by the environment highlights a certain important ethical and professional point. We have noted that many elementary Hypnotic phenomena are evoked by means of reinforcement by the Hypnotist. If things go beyond that, and deeper and more personal changes are reinforced by the personality of the Hypnotherapist, then we have danger of the Client becoming almost addicted to the Hypnotherapist. If the only place the changes are reinforced are in the Hypnotherapist's office, then the Client becomes subtly conditioned to return again and again. One advantage of the "Morganic" approach is that it forces us to consider relevant external systems, and the ways in which they affect the problem. We are forced to ask what the resultants of changes are. We are forced to look for negative feedback from the environment which could actively eliminate an improvement; we are forced to look for aspects of the environment which will provide positive feedback to change. We cannot restrict ourselves to the cosy little world of { |Therapist > |Client > |Therapist}. For an equivalent analogy consider again the management consultant who restricts himself to analysing the behaviour of a business with no reference to the market in which it operates! Any businessman should see how futile this can be. An organisational structure which works excellently in one market [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ] zanotowane.pl doc.pisz.pl pdf.pisz.pl blacksoulman.xlx.pl